描述
電能質(zhì)量是指公用電網(wǎng)對電力用戶公共連接點(diǎn)的電壓質(zhì)量和電力用戶在公共連接點(diǎn)對公用電網(wǎng)的干擾水平。可用諧波電壓、電壓偏差、電壓波動和閃變、三相電壓不平衡度、電壓暫降、電壓暫升、諧波電流、負(fù)序電流等參數(shù)描述。節(jié)能降耗就是應(yīng)用技術(shù)上可靠、經(jīng)濟(jì)上可行合理、環(huán)境和社會都可以接受的方法，有效利用能源，提高用能設(shè)備或工藝的能量利用效率，降低能源的損失與浪費(fèi)。
隨著電網(wǎng)電能質(zhì)量污染的日益嚴(yán)重，各種電能質(zhì)量治理措施提上日程，它們對系統(tǒng)的節(jié)能降耗起到了積極的作用。而近年來電力電子技術(shù)的進(jìn)步也帶動節(jié)能技術(shù)、設(shè)備不斷發(fā)展，在電網(wǎng)中大量應(yīng)用的節(jié)能設(shè)備都使用了現(xiàn)代電力電子技術(shù)，將不可避免地對電網(wǎng)電能質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生一定的影響。因此，有必要對電能質(zhì)量和節(jié)能之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行研究，以便更好地解決各相關(guān)問題。電能質(zhì)量治理與節(jié)能降耗的關(guān)系可以從兩個(gè)方面來論述：一是治理電網(wǎng)電能質(zhì)量會帶來節(jié)能效益，二是節(jié)能、設(shè)備技術(shù)對電網(wǎng)電能質(zhì)量也有影響。各種治理電能質(zhì)量的措施中，會帶來節(jié)能效益的有兩種：諧波抑制技術(shù)和無功補(bǔ)償技術(shù)。諧波除了會造成電網(wǎng)污染外，還會造成諧波功率，在電網(wǎng)和電氣設(shè)備上造成附加損耗，帶來能源浪費(fèi)。采取相應(yīng)措施消除諧波是電網(wǎng)節(jié)能措施的一個(gè)重要方面。電網(wǎng)異地?zé)o功輸送不但會在線路上產(chǎn)生大量的能耗損耗和浪費(fèi)，而且會導(dǎo)致受端電壓質(zhì)量變差。因此采用就地補(bǔ)償，使電網(wǎng)運(yùn)行于較高的功率因數(shù)，保證了較好的輸電、供電質(zhì)量，也實(shí)現(xiàn)了能源的節(jié)約。一般來說，諧波電流與基波電流相比所占比重不大，但是諧波頻率高，因?qū)Ь€的集膚效應(yīng)使諧波電阻增加很多，因此由諧波產(chǎn)生的附加損耗也大。更重要的是是電網(wǎng)電壓波形受到污染，供電質(zhì)量下降，從而危及各種用電設(shè)備（包括節(jié)電設(shè)備）的正常運(yùn)行。
諧波對旋轉(zhuǎn)電機(jī)的影響主要是引起附加損耗和過熱，其次是產(chǎn)生機(jī)械振動、噪聲和諧波過電壓。這些將縮短電機(jī)的壽命，嚴(yán)重時(shí)甚至?xí)p壞電機(jī)。曾經(jīng)在現(xiàn)場工況調(diào)查遇到過這樣的例子，某工廠的電動機(jī)運(yùn)行之前一直正常，但是最近一段以來卻連續(xù)出現(xiàn)損壞，經(jīng)查原來是接于同一電網(wǎng)的相鄰配電室新投入了大型整流裝置，因未采取消除諧波措施，其諧波電流流入而使電動機(jī)連續(xù)損壞。
諧波源產(chǎn)生的諧波電流流入變壓器時(shí)，主要影響是增加了變壓器的銅損耗和鐵損耗。還會引起變壓器外殼、硅鋼片和某些緊固件的發(fā)熱，并有可能變壓器局部嚴(yán)重過熱。此外，諧波還會引起變壓器的噪聲增大。
從上述介紹可知，諧波會在電網(wǎng)和各種電氣設(shè)備（旋轉(zhuǎn)電機(jī)、變壓器等）上造成大量諧波功率損耗，高次諧波分量比低次諧波分量更容易引起損耗（但電網(wǎng)中高次諧波含量一般遠(yuǎn)低于低次諧波，諧波損耗主要還是由低次諧波引起）。因此采用各種諧波治理措施消除公用電網(wǎng)諧波，可以有效降低諧波功率損耗，帶來重大節(jié)能效益。
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